Oral mucous membrane
Non keratinocytes: What are non keratinocytes – examples - difference between keratinocytes and nonkeratinocytes - morphology, location and functions of each - Appearance in H & E - diagram.
Functions of dento gingival junctions: What is dento gingival junction - development - Nasmyth’s membrane - attatchment epithelium - other name - appearance, properties , rate of turn over width - epithelial attachment - shift of dentogingival junction - functions - clinical importance - Diagram.
Functions of basal cell layer of oral epithelium: Structure of oral epithelium - arrangement - diagram - types of basal cell present –other name - organelles of the cells - mode of attachment between cell and connective tissue - Functions - diagram.
Lining mucosa: Other name - classified under - location –unique features - differences compared to keratinized mucosa - adjacent structures in various locations (glands, taste buds, adipose tissue etc)
Describe microscopic and histological section of human gingiva with special reference to epithelial attachment: Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteritics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - - –function & extension of each - Blood supply - Diagram. Epithelial attachment - - other name - histology - layers - appearance, properties , rate of turnover, width - physiological importance - clinical implications
Classify oral mucosa. Describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of gingiva: Classification based on function - keratinisation, Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, color, parts of gingiva and their characteristics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - - –function & extension of each - Blood supply - Diagram.
Basal lamina: Ultra structural name of ? - Lamina lucida—lamina densa - width - composition - function - clinical implications - Diagram.
Epithelium of gingiva: Macroscopic appearance - Histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—pigments present - Diagram.
Classify oral mucosa. Describe microscopic and macroscopic features of palatal mucosa: Classification based on function - keratinisation and location. Palatal mucosa - macroscopic features - hard and soft - adaptation - attachment - zones in hard palate - lamina propria—microscopic features - describe the layers of keratinised epithelium.
Gingival fibres: Gingiva - lamina propria - Gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - –function, location & extension of each - Blood supply - Diagram.
Epithelial cell rests: What are cell rests? - origin - types – Serrae — Malassez - how they are formed? Note on dental lamina and HERs - clinical considerations—diagram.
Classify oral mucous membrane. Enumerate histological difference between hard and soft palate: Classification based on function—keratinisation and location.Palatal mucosa - hard and soft - type of keratinisation in both - adaptation - attachment - zones in hard palate - lamina propria—tabulate the differences - relevant diagrams.
Lamina dura: Radiographic name of ? - bundle bone—Sharpey’s fibres—collagen appearance here—lines of rest - reason for its radiologic appearance - Clinical implications.
Keratin: Protein secreted by the epithelial cells (keratinocytes) - cyto keratins –function - basic types and their location - process of keratinisation— describe keratinised epithelium - morphology of keratinocytes in the 4 layers—diagram.
Masticatory mucosa - Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance,adaptation,extension,colour,parts of gingiva and their characteristics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - –function & extension of each - Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate - Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum - describe the layers of keratinised epithelium - - adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium - lamina propria - zones of hard palate based on structure of sub - mucosal layer - incisive papilla - Jacobson’s organ - palatal rugae - epithelial pearls - - blood and nerve supply – Diagram; Junctional epithelium: What is junctional epithelium - epithelial attachment - - other name - histology - layers - appearance, properties , rate of turnover ,width - physiological importance - clinical implications
Keratinized oral mucosa: Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance,adaptation,extension,colour,parts of gingiva and their characteristics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - - –function & extension of each - Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate - - Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum - describe the layers of keratinised epithelium - - adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium - lamina propria - zones of hard palate based on structure of sub - mucosal layer - incisive papilla - Jacobson’s organ - palatal rugae - epithelial pearls - blood and nerve supply – Diagram; Histological appearance of vermillion border of lip and filiform papillae
Describe histology of hardpalate: Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum - describe the layers of keratinised epithelium - - adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium - lamina propria - zones of hard palate based on structure of sub - mucosal layer - incisive papilla - Jacobson’s organ - palatal rugae - epithelial pearls - - blood and nerve supply - Diagram
Write about various types of oral mucosa: Classification - based on location& function - brief description on appearance, location , keratinisation ,histological appearance, staining - note on specialized mucosa - taste buds - function - clinical implications - diagram.
Odland bodies: What are Odland bodies? - other name - - location - - how it is formed—functions - how is it different in non - keratinising epithelium
Shift of dentogingival junction: What is dento gingival junction - development - Nasmyth’s membrane - - attachment epithelium - other name - appearance, properties , rate of turnover ,width - epithelial attachment - shift of dentogingival junction - active eruption - passive eruption - recession - secondary attachment epithelium - stages in passive eruption - - functions - clinical importance - Diagram.
Dentogingival junction: What is dento gingival junction - development - Nasmyth’s membrane - attachment epithelium - other name - appearance, properties , rate of turn over width - epithelial attachment - shift of dentogingival junction - functions - clinical importance - Diagram.
Vallate papilla: Specialized mucosa/ dorsal portion of tongue - different types of papillae present - position of the valate papilla - number - presence of taste buds - name of the duct opening into it – taste bud - taste sensation in vallate papilla - Diagram
Define and classify oral mucous membrane. Describe macroscopic and microscopic feature of dorsum of tongue: Definition and classification - based on location& function - brief description on appearance, location, histological appearance, staining—diagram; Macroscopic appearance - Dorsal lingual mucosa - Describe anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd— papillae - taste bud—microscopic appearance - histology of tongue - describe all papillae with suitable diagrams.
Classify oral mucosa and discuss the cellular events in the maturation of keratinized mucosa: Classification - based on structure& function - brief description on appearance, location, histological appearance, staining—diagram; Process of keratinisation—layers of keratinised oral epithelium - arrangement of keratinocytes in the four layers - morphology of keratinocytes in each layer - define differentiation - (transformation of basal cell into corneum) - desquamation—maturation - turnover time—factors involved in the process
Discuss in detail about the microscopic features of masticatory mucosa: Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteristics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres -function & extension of each - Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate - Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum - describe the layers of keratinised epithelium - - adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium - lamina propria - zones of hard palate based on structure of sub - mucosal layer - incisive papilla - Jacobson’s organ - palatal rugae - epithelial pearls - - blood and nerve supply - Diagram
Classify oral mucous membrane. Discuss in detail about specialized mucosa: Classification - based on location& function - brief description on appearance, location , keratinisation, histological appearance, staining - note on specialized mucosa - dorsal lingual mucosa - taste buds - function - clinical implications - diagram
Classify oral mucosa and describe the process of keratinisation: Classification - based on location & function - brief description on appearance, location ,histological appearance, staining—diagram; Process of keratinisation—layers of keratinised oral epithelium - arrangement of keratinocytes in the four layers - morphology of keratinocytes in each layer - define differentiation - (transformation of basal cell into corneum) - desquamation—maturation - turnover time—factors involved in the process.
Classify oral mucosa according to structure and function. Describe the histology of keratinised oral mucosa with suitable diagrams: Classification - based on structure& function - brief description on appearance, location , keratinisation ,histological appearance, staining - note on specialized mucosa - taste buds - function - clinical implications – diagram; Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteristics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - function & extension of each - Blood supply – Diagram; Hard palate - Briefly on its appearance – attachment to mucosal periosteum - describe the layers of keratinised epithelium - adaptations (desmosomes, tonofilaments, grooves and ridges) of keratinising epithelium - lamina propria - zones of hard palate based on structure of sub - mucosal layer - incisive papilla - Jacobson’s organ - palatal rugae - epithelial pearls - - blood and nerve supply - Diagram
Classify oral mucosa write in detail about the histology of gingiva: Classification - based on structure& function - brief description on appearance, location, keratinisation ,histological appearance, staining - note on specialized mucosa - taste buds - function - clinical implications – diagram; Gingiva - Briefly on its appearance, adaptation, extension, colour, parts of gingiva and their characteristics - histological appearance—type of keratinisation - cells present - papillae—lamina propria - gingival fibres - types - collagen fibres - accessory fibres /transeptal fibres - function & extension of each - Blood supply – Diagram
Bone
Reversal and resting line: Reversal line - cement line of mineralised matrix - Organic content - Hematoxiphilic and eosin staining - limit of bone erosion prior to formation of osteon - irregular line. Resting line - regular – periods of rest - bone formation - Diagram
Age changes in alveolar bone: Alveolar socket - fatty marrow infiltration - edentulous jaw changes - trabecular arrangement - inorganic and organic content - CEJ association - changes in adjacent anatomical structures - Diagram
Function of bundle bone: Define bundle bone – location - organic and inorganic content - H& E staining Radiographic appearance - lamina dura - clinical implications.
Osteoblast and Osteoclast: Origin and formation - location - detailed description of morphology - functions - Regulators of their activity - H& E staining - Diagram
Alveolar bone: Structure - alveolar bone proper - lamellated bone - cortical plates - spongy bone - development - functions - age changes - clinical implications – Diagram
Bone resorption: Definition - cells involved - regulators - sequence of events - alterations in osteoclasts - degradation and removal of the degraded products - diagram (resorption bays) - Clinical implications
Write the Chemical composition of bone: Organic component—collagen and noncollagenous proteins - inorganic component - composition in woven and mature bone
Structure of alveolar bone - Alveolar bone proper - supporting bone - lamellated bone - bundle bone - cortical plates - spongy bone - H&E staining – Diagrams
Classification of alveolar bone : Classification – a)compact bone - cribriform plate, cortical plate - composition - histology - b)spongy bone—composition - histology.
Histology of bone: Osteiod - size - composition - compact bone - spongy bone - lamellar bone - description of osteon—haversian canals - volkmann’s canal—reversal and resting lines - diagram.
Bone remodelling: Cells taking part - sequence of events (Activation, Resorption and Reversal stage) - Mediators (hormones ,vitamin D, local factors) - clinical implications.
Matrix Vesicle theory: Definition and theories of calcification - description of matrix vesicle - role in initiation of calcification – inhibitor and promoters of calcification – clinical implications
Effect of calcium on bones: Composition of bone - calcium’s role in calcification (matrix vesicle theory)- hypocalcemia – hypercalcemia – effect on bones – calcium – phosphorus interaction – harmones involved – turn overrate - clinical implications
Mention the different parts of alveolar bone and describe the histology with suitable diagrams: Alveolar bone proper - supporting bone - lamellated bone - bundle bone - cortical plates - spongy bone - H&E staining - Diagrams Classification of alveolar bone a)Compact bone - cribriform plate,cortical plate - composition - histology - b)spongy bone—composition - histology.
Osteoclast: Diagram - morphology - formation - regulation - regulators of osteoclastic activity - H&E staining appearance (histology)
Alveolar bone proper: Composition—organic and inorganic - lamellar bone(detailed description) - Haversian system - bundle bone—diagram.
Endochondral ossification - Definition – Mechanism - bones involved - formation of cartilaginous model - bone collar - periosteal bud - medullary cavity - secondary ossification center - Diagram
Salivary Glands
What are the various salivary glands and histological types? Describe the composition of saliva in detail: Introduction-salivary glands - types of salivary glands (describe the major and minor salivary glands with diagram) - histological types of salivary glands (serous, mucous and seromucousacinar structures — light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance with diagram) - composition of saliva (organic and inorganic constituents, antimicrobial substances)-variation in composition based on the nature of secretion (serous, mucous) - Clinical considerations
Classify salivary glands. Describe the microscopic features of secretory unit of parotid gland: Introduction-salivary glands - classification of salivary glands - overview of parotid gland ( A note on gross anatomy - histology: serous acinar structures and ductal system (light and electron microscopic appearance) - diagram - clinical considerations
Classify salivary glands. Describe submandibular salivary gland: Introduction - salivary glands-classification of salivary glands - overview of submandibular salivary gland - gross anatomy (parenchyma and ducts) – diagram - histology (light and electron microscopic description of secretory units and the ducts) – diagram - nature of salivary secretion - blood supply and innervations –diagram - clinical considerations
Describe the histology of mixed salivary glands: What are mixed salivary glands and examples - histology of mixed salivary gland (describe the light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance) – diagram - nature of salivary secretions - Clinical considerations
Development, anatomy, structure and functions of salivary gland: What are salivary glands?-what type of glands are they? - development-classification-anatomy (position, relation to surrounding structures, blood supply and innervation) – diagram - histology (describe the LM and EM appearance of secretory units/acinar structures and ductal system) – diagram - functions of saliva
Write about anatomy, capsule, relations, structures, nerve supply of parotid gland: Introduction - parotid gland - gross anatomy ( lobes, position, surfaces, borders and relations to the surrounding structures) – capsule - Stenson’s duct - structures contained within - nerve supply (both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation; note on otic ganglion), type of acini and nature of secretion – diagrams - clinical considerations
Describe the surfaces, borders, capsule, relations, structure and nerve supply of parotid gland: Introduction-parotid gland - gross anatomy ( lobes, position, surfaces, borders and relations to the surrounding structures) – capsule - Stenson’s duct - structures contained within - nerve supply (both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations; note on otic ganglion), type of acini and nature of secretion – diagrams - clinical considerations
Ductal systems of major salivary gland: Introduction - ductal system of salivary glands - types of ducts (histology with diagrams)- intercalated ducts - striated ducts - excretory ducts - modification of the saliva in the ductal system(with diagrams) - clinical consideration
Minor salivary glands: Introduction of minor salivary glands - distribution in the oral cavity - types and their description - diagrams - clinical considerations
Functions of saliva: Introduction of saliva (with a note on composition) - functions of saliva- clinical considerations
Histology of salivary gland: Introduction of salivary glands - histology of acinar structures (with diagram; note on the acinar structures in major and minor salivary glands) - histology of ductal structures (with diagram) - clinical considerations
Taste buds: Introduction – distribution – size – shape – histology – functions – diagram - clinical consideration
Composition and functions of saliva: Introduction-saliva - composition of saliva (note on modification of saliva across ducts, organic and inorganic constituents, enzymes, electrolytes, immunoglobulins, antimicrobial substances) - functions of saliva - diagram/schematic representation - clinical considerations
Properties of saliva: Introduction- saliva - organic and inorganic constituents of saliva - nature of secretion & variations in nature in major and minor salivary glands – volume - salivary flow rate -factors affecting the composition of saliva - Clinical considerations
Duct of salivary glands: Introduction - ductal system of salivary glands - types of ducts (histology with diagrams) - intercalated ducts - striated ducts - excretory ducts - modification of the saliva in the ductal system(with diagrams)- clinical consideration
Intercalated ducts: Introduction - intercalated ducts - light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of intercalated ducts - modification of saliva in the intercalated duct-diagram - clinical considerations
Myoepithelial cells: Introduction - what are myoepithelial cells? - shape - light and electron microscopic appearance - functions of myoepithelial cells – diagram - clinical considerations
Role of saliva in defense mechanisms: Introduction - saliva - protection against dehydration -protection from chemical and thermal insults - resistance to dental caries - antimicrobial features (anti-bacterial and anti-fungal) - antioxidant defense mechanism - role of salivary immunoglobulins in defense mechanism
Serous and mucous cells: Introduction of serous and mucous cells in salivary glands - light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of serous and mucous acini – diagram - nature of secretions by serous and mucous cells - clinical considerations
Striated duct: Introduction-striated ducts - light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance of striated ducts - modification of saliva in the striated duct – diagram - clinical considerations
Difference between serous and mucous acini: Describe the differences under the following headings: introduction/definition - distribution in major and minor salivary glands - nature of secretion - light microscopic appearance - electron microscopic appearance - diagrams -clinical consideration
Histology of mixed salivary glands: Introduction - mixed salivary glands - examples of mixed salivary glands - nature of secretions - light microscopic and electron microscopic appearance – diagrams - clinical considerations
Oncocytes: Introduction/definition-oncocytes - light and electron microscopic appearance – diagram - clinical considerations
Innervations of salivary glands: Introduction - innervations to salivary glands - sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations - nerve-epithelial cell relationship - axonal varicosities – neurotransmitters - diagram - clinical considerations
Mechanism of salivary secretion: Introduction - salivary secretion (note on the excretory ducts of each major salivary gland) - stages of salivary secretion - production of primary saliva - ductal modification of saliva- final secretion of saliva in the oral cavity
Tempromandibular Joint
Tempromandibular joint: Joint between which bones – development in brief – anatomy – ligaments – blood; nerve supply - function – movements
Movements of TMJ: Nature of joint – limitation of movements - ligaments of TMJ – types of protrusive – retrusive – lateral movements – mediated by – muscles – ligaments – Translational/rotational/ hinge axis – clinical significance
Anatomy of TMJ: Joint between which bones – development initiation – role of cartilage – disc shape – architecture – ligament attached – blood supply – nerve supply – function – clinical significance
Articular disc: Borders & attachment of disc - position of disc – parts of the disc – role in movement – rotational/ translational – ligaments attached – blood & nerve supply
Ligaments of TMJ: Major and accessory ligaments – site of attachment – site of insertion – functions of each ligaments including stabilization – blood supply
Histochemistry
Formalin: what is fixative – use of fixation – materials used – how it works - widely employed materials – percentage/ concentration – how should it be used – advantages and disadvantages
Ground section of tooth - indication and preparation: what is ground section – uses of ground section – how is it done – in which condition tooth is studied – what abrasives are used – levels of abarasions (rough/smooth) – thickness of sections – preparation
Hematoxylin: what is hematoxylin – dye – uses of dye in Histopathological section visualization – why section need to be colored – from where, how, why, what – it is used for – nature of (acidic) – basic dye – contrast
Fixatives: what is fixation – ideal fixative – how it works – why tissue needs to be fixed – examples of fixatives – fixatives for special situations
Decalcification of hard tissue: why hard tissue need to be studied – need to make it soft – methods to make it soft – materials used commonly – effect of acid on hard tissue – end point determination
Alkaline phosphatase: what is alkaline phosphatase – secreted by – when – where – why – what – how? Uses of alkaline phosphatase as a histochemical technique
Acid phosphatase: what is acid phosphatase – secreted by – when – where – why – what – how? Uses of acid phosphatase as a histochemical technique
Per Iodic Acid Schiff stain: what is PAS stain – components of the stain – steps in staining – rationale behind stain – uses of PAS
Tissue processing: what is tissue processing – when- why- what – how? – steps in tissue processing
Tooth Eruption and Shedding
Define eruption. Explain the various theories of tooth eruption: Definition of eruption – movement of teeth – theories –Constriction of pulp - Pulp growth theory - Bone growth theories - Fluid pressure/ vascularity theory - Periodontal ligament traction theory – most accepted with diagrams – List the eruption schedule of human deciduous and permanent dentition
Active and passive eruption of teeth: Active eruption – movement of teeth – functional – physiological movement – why – when – how? Passive eruption – physiology/pathology – why – when – how? – Clinical significance.
Describe in detail various theories of eruption and resorption of deciduous teeth: Shedding of deciduous teeth – mechanism – when – how – why? – Osteoclast/odontoclast - Definition of eruption – movement of teeth – theories –Constriction of pulp - Pulp growth theory - Bone growth theories - Fluid pressure/ vascularity theory - Periodontal ligament traction theory – most accepted with diagrams
Describe process of eruption of permanent teeth in oral cavity: Shedding of deciduous teeth – mechanism – when – how – why? – Osteoclast/odontoclast - Definition of eruption – movement of teeth – theories –Constriction of pulp - Pulp growth theory - Bone growth theories - Fluid pressure/ vascularity theory - Periodontal ligament traction theory – most accepted with diagrams - Eruption – Pre-eruptive and eruptive Movement – merging of reduced enamel epithelium with oral ectoderm – fusion – apoptosis in central part – formation of junctional epithelium – epithelial cuff – clinical significance.
Describe process of shedding of deciduous teeth: What is shedding – why – when – how? – Differentiation of Odontoclast – function – pattern of resorption – clinical significance.
Ligament traction theory: Theories of tooth eruption – most accepted – ligament traction – how – Fibronexus unit – parts of fibronexus unit – importance of fibronectin – mechanism of traction – clinical significance with diagram
Mechanism of shedding: What is shedding – why – when – how? – Differentiation of Odontoclast – function – pattern of resorption – clinical significance.
Tooth morphology
Describe morphology of permanent maxillary right first molar: Introduction of maxillary first molar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - diagrams
Cingulum: definition – clinical significance – potential issues – arising out of improper contact – deep bite
Marginal ridge: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Developmental groove: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Point angle: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Occlusion: Definition – nomenclature –Key of occlusion – its significance - necessity for reconstruction in dentures
Describe the morphology of lower left first premolar: Introduction of lower first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - diagrams
Define and describe cusp, contact point, contact area, mammelon, transverse ridge: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction for each of the term
Enumerate the class traits of premolar. Give difference between maxillary first and second premolar in tabular form: describe how the premolar has evolved as a transition teeth between canine and premolars with respect to the size, shape, form and function [see Wheeler’s Annexures in this regard]- Also stress how this teeth is adapting and serving to changing pattern of food use – Compare and contrast the Maxillary 1st and 2nd Premolar in the tabular form - - diagrams
Embrasure: Definition – nomenclature – necessity for reconstruction
Describe morphology of permanent maxillary canine: Introduction of permanent canine – details cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - diagrams
Inclined plane: What is inclined plane – how is it measured in posterior teeth – with large cusps with respect to occlusal plane
Curve of Spee and curve of Monsoon: what are curves – compensation – definition – in natural/denture dentition – uses of such curves – Why – when – how should they be reproduced - diagrams
Describe the morphology of lower left first premolar. Difference between lower first premolar and lower second premolar with diagrams: Introduction of lower first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels. Compare and contrast the mandibular 1st and 2nd Premolar [See Wheelers Annexures] - - diagrams
Describe morphology of upper first premolar with diagrams: Introduction of upper first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - - diagrams
Chronology of deciduous teeth: Sequence of formation – initiation, calcification, ending, eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Describe morphology of lower second premolar with diagrams: Introduction of lower second premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect [All patterns – U, H and Y type] – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - diagrams
Describe morphological feature of deciduous maxillary second molar with diagrams: Introduction of upper deciduous second molar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – Shedding - diagrams
Functions of teeth: Enumerate the functions of teeth
Roots of anterior teeth: describe the morphology, number, surfaces, grooves on the surface of the anterior teeth with - diagrams
Difference between deciduous maxillary molar and permanent maxillary molar
Describe morphology of maxillary first premolar. Difference between maxillary and mandibular first premolar: Introduction of upper first premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - diagrams – Compare and contrast the Maxillary and Mandibular Molar
Arch traits of maxillary canine: Introduction of permanent canine – details cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from incisor to canine to Premolar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Functions of deciduous teeth: list the various function of deciduous teeth
Compare permanent and deciduous maxillary canine: Compare and contrast the maxillary canine – deciduous/permanent teeth in terms of size, shape, contour, root in each aspect with diagram
Tooth numbering systems: Discuss the need for tooth nomenclature – various types of tooth numbering systems – method of each – advantage and disadvantage – Universal, ZP, FDI and Computer application systems
Describe triade of molar. Explain morphology of lower first molar: Introduction of permanent lower 1st molar – details cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from canine to Premolar to molar – how size, shape and function is modified. Discuss how the cusps are being evolved from primary cusps to secondary cusps to accessory cusps in lower first molar
Primate space: what is primate space – when – why – what – how much – uses – compensation – how correction – prediction of crowding
Key of Occlusion: Concept of key of occlusion: Tooth –tooth contact – inter and intra arch contacts
Describe Occulsal surface of lower first premolar: Outline - number of cusps – no. of marginal ridges, cusps, fossa, groove, pits, incline planes – description – variation - diagram
Calcification of teeth: initiation of calcification – deciduous and permanent teeth, evidence – clinical significance
Leeway space: what is Leeway space – when – why – what – how much – uses – compensation – how correction – prediction of crowding
Ridge: what is a ridge – type of ridge – where, why, how – clinical implications
Arch traits of maxillary incisors: Introduction of permanent incisors – details of incisal edge and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and incisal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from incisor to canine to Premolar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Occulsal surface of lower II premolar: Introduction of lower second premolar – no. of cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect [All patterns – U, H and Y type] – no. of ridges (triangular), fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels - diagrams
Sequence of eruption of deciduous and permanent dentition: Sequence of eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Importance of chronology of teeth: Sequence of formation – initiation, calcification, ending, eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Tabulate eruption time and root completion of all deciduous and permanent teeth: Sequence of formation – initiation, calcification, ending, eruption, completion of root – shedding of all deciduous teeth – Add a note on difference between genders – significance in terms of clinics
Tubercle of Carabelli: What – where – how – why ?
Spillway: What – when – how – why – Describe – numbers – Why is it necessary to be reproduced
Describe the morphology of maxillary permanent first molar with relevant diagram: Introduction of permanent upper 1st molar – details cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from canine to Premolar to molar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Describe the morphology of mandibular permanent second premolar with relevant diagram:
Introduction of permanent lower 2nd premolar – details cusps and root – name, outline - shape: Salient features – chronology & dimensions - details from buccal, mesial, distal and occlusal [H, Y, U] aspect – no. of ridges, fossa, pits, grooves, pulp cavity shape at various levels – diagrams – Change of form – from canine to Premolar to molar – how size, shape and function is modified.
Miscellaneous
What are the muscles of mastication? Describe their function: Name the muscle of mastication – embryology – origin – insertion – blood and nerve supply – function – clinical significance - diagrams
Stages in deglutition: Three stages in deglutition- process/mechanism – nerve involved – clinical significance
Nerve supply of tongue: motor innervations – sensory innervations – Taste sensation – pathways associated – clinical significance - diagrams
Mention the branches of trigeminal nerve. Write in detail about mandibular nerve: Trigeminal nucleus till terminal branches- intra/extra-cranial course – foramen involved – trace the major three branches – detail about mandibular nerve and all its branches – innervations – clinical significance - diagrams
Anatomy of Parotid gland: Position – embryology – shape, size – borders – association – relation – course of duct till opening in to mouth – blood/nerve supply – innervations – sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation – ganglion associated
What is pain? Explain pain pathway and trace it from maxillary first molar: Define pain – pain pathway – from oral cavity till spinal cord – brain
Extracranial course of facial nerve: Foramen – complete course –all division & innervations - diagrams
Otic ganglion: Sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers – afferent & efferent fibers – structures associated – clinical significance - diagrams
Blood supply to face: - Major arteries supplying face – branches – terminal branches – structures; Venous drainage of face – diagrams
Swallowing & deglutition: define swallowing & deglutition – stages – control – mechanism – clinical significance
Muscles of tongue: intrinsic & extrinsic – origin – insertion – Blood & nerve supply – clinical significance
Inferior Alveolar nerve:
Write development, anatomy, histology & movements of TMJ
Cushion Hammock ligament
Papillae of tongue
Von Ebner Glands
Functions of calcium
Calcium homeostasis
Tetany
Effects of hormones on oral tissue
Vitamin C & oral tissue
Write in detail the origin, course & distribution of the principal sensory nerve of the oral cavity
sir, very useful material.
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